ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 disease wreaked havoc all over the world causing more than 6 million deaths out of over 519 million confirmed cases. It not only disturbed the human race health-wise but also caused huge economic losses and social disturbances. The utmost urgency to counter pandemic was to develop effective vaccines as well as treatments that could reduce the incidences of infection, hospitalization and deaths. The most known vaccines that could help in managing these parameters are Oxford-AstraZeneca (AZD1222), Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), Moderna (mRNA-1273) and Johnson & Johnson (Ad26.COV2.S). The effectiveness of AZD1222 vaccine in reducing deaths is 88% in the age group 40-59 years, touching 100% in the age group 16-44 years & 65-84 years. BNT162b2 vaccine also did well in reducing deaths due to COVID-19 (95% in the age group 40-49 years and 100% in the age group 16-44 years. Similarly, mRNA-1273 vaccine showed potential in reducing COVID-19 deaths with effectiveness ranging from 80.3 to 100% depending upon age group of the vaccinated individuals. Ad26.COV2.S vaccine was also 100% effective in reducing COVID-19 deaths. The SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants have emphasized the need of booster vaccine doses to enhance protective immunity in vaccinated individuals. Additionally, therapeutic effectiveness of Molnupiravir, Paxlovid and Evusheld are also providing resistance against the spread of COVID-19 disease as well as may be effective against emerging variants. This review highlights the progress in developing COVID-19 vaccines, their protective efficacies, advances being made to design more efficacious vaccines, and presents an overview on advancements in developing potent drugs and monoclonal antibodies for countering COVID-19 and emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 including the most recently emerged and highly mutated Omicron variant.
ABSTRACT
Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection. The prevalence is low for this disease, and the most common site of its occurrence in the gastrointestinal system is the stomach. The clinical signs and symptoms of gastric mucormycosis are vague such as pain in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, haematemesis, etc. In the current study, a 42-year-old male patient came with complaints of pain in the abdomen associated with vomiting and mild-grade fever based on vague clinical presentation and imaging like upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and computer tomography angiography of the abdomen. Our preoperative diagnosis was gastrocolic fistula secondary to acute on chronic pancreatitis, which was managed by emergency exploratory laparotomy, resection, and anastomosis. Histopathological examination was successful in confirming the diagnosis of mucormycosis. Through this case report, we intend to draw surgeons' and physicians' attention to gastrointestinal mucormycosis, an emerging cause of gastric necrosis in young patients in the post-coronavirus disease era, and that physicians need to be more aware of the consequent high mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis followed by aggressive debridement, antifungal therapy, and managing the underlying disease is the most efficient way to reduce mortality associated with the disease.
ABSTRACT
Vaccine development usually takes around 7 y to come to the market after getting necessary regulatory approvals. But recent pandemics like Covid, Ebola, Swine Flu, have resulted in the collaboration of efforts between the government doing investments in vaccine development, academia, regulatory bodies, and industry. This has shortened the timelines for approval for vaccines. In 2009, HINI, Swine flu vaccines took 93 d for identifying the vaccine candidate for clinical trials. In 2014, for Ebola vaccine, it was deployed while the epidemic was still going on. Ebola vaccine was developed in 5 y. In case of Covid (SARS-CoV-2) clinical trials were approved when 2 mo of the pandemic onset. Within a time of 9 mo about 138 vaccine candidates are being reviewed for approval of EUA. This highly helps in the shortening of vaccine development and necessary approval. In this paper, we focused on the regulatory framework of vaccine development in INDIA, US and EU.Copyright © 2023 The Authors.
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Recently, COVID-19 infection has been spread to a wider human population worldwide and deemed a pandemic for its rapidity. The absence of medicine or immunization for the "COVID-19" illness, along with the requirement for early discovery and isolation of affected persons, is critical in reducing the risk of infection in healthy population. Blood specimens, or "RT-PCR" are primary screening technique for "COVID-19". However, average positive "RT-PCR" is expected as 30 to 60%, leading to undiscovered infections and potentially endangering a broad population of healthy persons with infectious symptoms. With the quick examination approach, chest radiography as a common approach for identifying respiratory disorders is straightforward to execute. A board-certified radiologist indicated the presence of disease in these radiographs. Four transfer learning techniques to COVID-19 illness identification were trained using 2,000 X-rays: VGG-16, GoogleNet, ResNet, and SqueezeNet. The result of the experimental assessment shows that the VGG-16 network finetuned with Keras achieved sensitivity of 100% with specificity of 98.5% and accuracy of approximately 99.3%. © 2023 Scientific Publishers. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Society is under tremendous tension and pressure due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Coronavirus pandemic-2019 is a critical health emergency with respect to the international concern. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) disease first came in 2002 and then Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) affects us in 2012. SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus to emerge in the past two decades, which are acting as a serious warning to humans. These pandemic presents major challenges to scientist and international medical agencies to save the earth by this global life-threatening pandemic. Fighting with these major issues, scientists and doctors pointed out the solutions for COVID and Related pandemics, in which the most populated solution, such as ultraviolet (UV)-based disinfection systems. This article is presenting a unique technology for the COVID-19 infected surfaces to either sides. The proposed research is the providing the solutions with the integration/merging of two different technologies in the portable form to provide a unique disinfection system to disinfect the infected/suspected surfaces by ‘Coronavirus disease’ from top and bottom side by exposing the specified samples like currencies/hand held devices/mobile phones/various types of cards, etc. According to the various literatures, ultraviolet-C light as well as 650 nm laser light has the power to destroy the COVID-19 and related viruses. The proposed system is developed to disinfect the above-mentioned items surfaces from COVID-19 like issues and has the ability to disinfect the items in few second (within 3–5 s). The proposed system has the capability to serve the nation at different level as it may be designed and developed in different sizes as per the application. This integrated technology can serve the society in most of the applications like, the major field for disinfection is food and agriculture sectors. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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The coronavirus-2 infection, which emerged in 2019, is a severe illness that can cause acute respiratory failure and death. The effects of the coronavirus-2 disease on the respiratory system have been studied. This paper aims to develop a wearable device that can provide reliable and cost-effective respiratory monitoring. The hardware has been installed on COVID-19 infected individuals and healthy individuals. The study's goal is to find abnormalities in the data sets that can be used to estimate the respiration rate.
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The latest destructive outbreak, Corona virus (2019), is rapidly sweeping the globe. Not only are economies deteriorating, but countries' entire strengths and confidence are as well. Machine learning forecasting strategies have demonstrated their importance to anticipate in outcomes of the perioperative period to improve the future decision-making actions. The machine learning algorithms have long been used in several applications which require the detection of adverse factors for a threat. Forecasting techniques are essential for producing accurate results. This study shows the ability to predict the number of cases affected by COVID-19 as potential risk to mankind. In this analysis, four-prediction algorithms have been used which are linear regression (LR), Exponential Smoothing (ES), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and support vector machine (SVM). Each of these models has three different kinds of predictions, such as the newly infected patients, death cases and the recovery cases in the next ten days. These approaches are better used to forecast the covid-19 pandemic, as shown by the findings of analysis. The ES, that is effective in forecasting new corona cases, death cases and recovery cases.
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Since the introduction of COVID-19, not only has the number of COVID-19 patients increased, but waste creation has also increased. Top regulated nations and emerging countries have come up with specific standards or templates for dealing with COVID-19 waste. The purpose of this review research is to examine the relationship between COVID-19 waste management and regulatory agencies. Each country has specific regulatory bodies which frames guidelines for managing the waste produced during COVID-19. Some of the top regulated countries like USA, EU, JAPAN and developing country like INDIA along with the WHO regulations for COVID-19 waste management have been taken for the review. This assessment highlighted the waste management templates or recommendations utilized by the aforementioned nations during the COVID-19 epidemic. After COVID-19 the nations does not include any specific waste management principles, despite the fact that all of these nations mostly implement existing established waste management regulations. If the large volume of waste cannot be controlled via the implementation of correct and adequate rules, the risk of COVID-19 proliferating in the population will surpass the limit and result in the loss of additional lives in the coming days and also causing danger to the environment. © 2022 MEDIC SCIENTIFIC. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease transmitted by contact, droplets, and aerosols. Front line health-care workers (HCWs), particularly emergency physicians and acute care providers, are vulnerable to being exposed while treating their sick patients. Despite appropriate personal protective equipment use, HCW gets infected, suggesting the need for multiple layers of protection such as barrier devices. Methods: We aimed to determine the effectiveness of our novel "Resuscitation Cover All"(RCA) in reducing the exposure of HCW to simulated respiratory particles and its feasibility during cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This was a pilot simulation-based study. Five CPR simulation sessions were performed in Standard and RCA protocols, individually. Exposures through contact, droplets, and aerosols were simulated using a standardized volume of liquid detergent. Under Wood's lamp illumination, exposures of participants were compared between the protocols. Rate and depth of chest compressions, time taken to intubate, interruptions in CPR, and first-pass success were analyzed. Results: Overall mean exposure in standard protocol was 4950.4 ± 1461.6 (95%confidence interval [CI]:3135.7-6765.2) sq.pixels and RCA protocol was 2203.6 ± 1499.0 (95%CI: 342.4-4064.9) sq.pixels (P = 0.019). In standard, chest compressor had the highest exposure of 3066.6 ± 1419.2 (95%CI: 2051.3-4081.9) sq.pixels followed by defibrillator assistant 1166.4 ± 767.4 (95%CI: 617.4-1715.4) sq.pixels. Chest compressor of RCA had reduced exposure compared to that of standard (P < 0.001). Hands were the most frequently exposed body part. Airway manager of RCA had no exposure over head and neck in any session. No significant difference in CPR performance metrics was observed. Conclusion: This pilot simulation-based study shows that the novel RCA device could minimize the exposure of HCW to simulated respiratory particles during CPR. Also, it might not alter the high-quality CPR performance metrics. We need more real-life evidence.
ABSTRACT
The coronavirus-2 infection, which emerged in 2019, is a severe illness that can cause acute respiratory failure and death. The effects of the coronavirus-2 disease on the respiratory system have been studied. This paper aims to develop a wearable device that can provide reliable and cost-effective respiratory monitoring. The hardware has been installed on COVID-19 infected individuals and healthy individuals. The study's goal is to find abnormalities in the data sets that can be used to estimate the respiration rate. © 2022, International Journal of Special Education. All rights reserved.
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Tourism is an ever evolving and a dynamic industry which can play a crucial role in increasing income and in providing employment opportunities in an economy. India especially with its rich heritage, culture and geographical landscapes has always had immense potential to become a leading tourist destination. Presently the major types of tourism prevalent in India are Medical Tourism, Rural/Natural Tourism, Religious Tourism and Historical& Educational Tourism. In 2018-19, the tourism sector contributed around 5% to India's GDP. However with the health shock of Covid-19, the tourism sector has taken a major hit since early 2020, with several people losing their jobs in the tourism and hospitality sector when different states imposed lockdowns and took various measures to curb the pandemic. As restrictions in each state eased during the first wave of the pandemic, different states in India adopted various policies to revive the tourism industry. But to understand the effectiveness of these policies in each state/UT, one needs to investigate the baseline at which the Tourism industry was before the pandemic hit the country. This paper attempts to look at the differential performances of states and UTs of India in tourism by categorizing them into various types of tourism between 1947 until March 2020. This paper aims to act as a base for further analysing the impact of this pandemic on Tourism across states in India.
ABSTRACT
Background: Coronavirus disease affects mainly the respiratory system. Other systems, including blood, are also affected. Blood cell abnormalities have varied between studies. The majority of patients present with platelet abnormalities. Methods: This was a laboratory observation study. All cases positive for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by reverse transcriptase — polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test during the study period were considered for inclusion. Platelet index data were captured from an automated hematology analyzer: platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), and platelet–large cell ratio (P-LCR). Platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelet neutrophil ratio (PNR), and platelet monocyte ratio (PMR) were calculated. The cases were classified into two groups: moderate and severe. The difference in alteration of platelet parameters between moderate and severe COVID-19 cases was analyzed using SPSS 22 version software. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Most cases (44.9%) were in the age group of 41 – 60 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.9:1. Moderate cases comprised 53.4%, and 46.6% of cases were severe. The association of PLR and PNR between moderate and severe cases was statistically significant. PLR was higher in severe cases than moderate cases, whereas PNR was higher in moderate cases than severe cases. Conclusions: Studying platelet index profiles in COVID-19 patients can improve our limited knowledge of the disease progression regarding platelet parameters. PLR and PNR are the more reliable platelet parameters in managing COVID-19 patients, which help predict the prognosis and aid in improving therapeutic options for severe cases.
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Background Children and young people (CYP) are increasingly attending acute paediatric services due to mental health difficulties. 50% of all mental health problems are established by 14 years of age and 75% by 24 years. Underinvestment in mental health has been a longstanding concern, amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic through extra stress caused by prolonged school closures, social isolation and a lack of access to usual support services. In 2020, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health highlighted that suicide is now the leading cause of death in England and Wales for children aged 5-19 years, emphasising the need to prioritise and improve mental health. Paediatricians must develop the knowledge and skills to identify, support and make appropriate referrals for common mental health problems. HEEADSSS is a well-known psychosocial screening tool with eight domains, used to identify potential or actual harm. Objectives Establish whether CYP within the West Midlands, UK are receiving adequate psychosocial assessments on hospital admission and whether healthcare professionals are signposting to relevant services. The primary outcome was the percentage of CYP with documented evidence of being offered a HEEADSSS assessment. Methods A regional prospective audit across nine hospitals was performed for three days per week from 4st -31st January 2021. A standardised proforma was used to gather information from medical records of all CYP aged >12 years admitted to paediatric wards. Pooled data were analysed using Microsoft Excel. Results 231 patients were included. The median age was 14 years old (range 12-17 years). 163(71%) were female. 202 (87%) had no known communication difficulties. 53(23%) were known to CAMHS and 43(19%) to social care. 78/231 (34%) were admitted with mental health as the presenting complaint. 35/231(15%) were documented to be given the opportunity to be spoken to alone;29(82%) accepted. No department had a psychosocial screening tool embedded in the admission document. 158/231(69%) had less than half of the eight domains completed. The median was 1.5 (range 0-8). Home and education/ employment were most frequently asked (37-42%). Eating/exercise, drugs, safety, sexual activity and other activities were the least frequently asked (14-27%). The proportion of those with a concern identified when asked ranged from 18%-39%. However, in self-harm, depression and suicide, only 85/231 (37%) were asked, with concern identified in 87%. 78 patients were admitted for mental health;28(39%) had less than half the domains completed (median 5, range 0-8). Drug use 46/78(59%), safety and sexual activity (both 38/78 (49%)) were inconsistently documented in this group, with concerns identified in 20-26% of those asked. 90/231(39%) were referred to CAMHS, social care, counselling, online or other support services. 16/77(21%) patients with a concern documented in at least one domain were not referred onwards. Conclusions This study demonstrates poor implementation of the HEEADSSS tool on admission, across a wide geographical area. Increased utilisation of a psychosocial screening tool would provide more opportunities to CYP to discuss their psychosocial health and receive appropriate support, in line with national guidance standards. Further work is underway addressing barriers to using HEEADSSS, considering electronic or embedded tools and signposting to relevant services.
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Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan is a vision of New India to make India self-reliant to fulfil its own needs. This realisation is felt during Covid -19 challenges. This made us to learn challenges to be accepted as opportunities and avail these with best efforts. We opined it as a blend of Gandhian Philosophy of "Swavalamban" & Modi's "Make in India" Campaign, or to put it, we name it as a modern version of self-reliance. It is because, with focus to attract FDI, investment & innovation in India and to make the country economically independent. To make it clear it is not confused with being protectionist. It is about building our strength domestically, to play more effectively internationally. So, in case such any form of crisis (as Covid 19), unwillingly enters the world, we as India would worry the least, as we are prepared better than before.
ABSTRACT
The current pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, probably referred to as COVID-19, has posed a major threat worldwide and has already been declared as a global health emergency. As the WHO has claimed, close contact with an infected COVID-19 individual increases the chances of infection as the droplets produced by an infected person’s coughing, sneezing, or talking stay in the air and by inhaling that air provides a path for the virus to reach our body, as it shows that COVID-19 is an airborne disease. In the absence of COVID-19 vaccines and drugs, the only way to treat COVID-19 infected patients if for them to be isolated from other people and to control their temperature and pulse rate and the consumption of drugs and food that enhances their immunity that could defend against the virus. The Internet of Things is a revolution that is fundamentally transforming our everyday lives and is promising to modernize healthcare by creating a more personalized, predictive, and collaborative model of treatment. To incorporate these two essential issues, this work provides an IOT ready system for living assistance that is capable of tracking the vital details of patients as well as providing mechanisms to send alert messages in emergencies. The flexible low-power, low-cost, and wireless features make this solution ideal for use anywhere and by anyone. The module assisted in real-time interventions and monitored the health care system for COVID-19 patients. Data collected from different sensors in real-time are stored on a central server, which connects patients to the doctor to the correct information at the time of an emergency. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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Migration, a dynamic practice has been in vogue. It is a practice;it has been evolving and is growing in myriad direction. This study focuses on Indian migration within and outside the country. Profession and professionalism are the axis of the research. The paper is based on extensive survey of local migrants and emigrant Indian professionals. The aim of the paper is four-fold. 1 Migration of people, in whichever type of profession, subjecting it to deeper exploration. 2 Individual development and competitiveness inculcate new ideas in the mind trending towards innovations, these three aspects work in tandem. 3. The families of these professionals adapt sooner or later to new environment within or outside the country. 4. The effect of entire process of migration strengthens the concept of global village. Migration enhances vertical development in any stream of profession. Monetary foundation undoubtedly becomes stronger and resolves manifold number of routine life problems. The migrants ' family 's financial security and social mobility attain newer heights. All these aspects make them adaptive, accommodative, flexible, and integrative with new culture. In short, it gives momentum to the feeling of a global village. After all the globe is one and we are connected with it in many ways. This teaches us humanity too. Undoubtedly it boosts development irrespective of boundaries. But somewhere, further research gateways become open, to find out new policy framework to make home places more attractive to them, keeping their aspiration as realised. Can the use of technology in new fashion and everywhere, give solution, in very nearfuture? Has Covid 19 made changes in minds of migrants? Has pandemic changed the mind set of potential Indian Migrants? What would be dimension of migration in post Covid era particularly in respect of social mobility?
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COVID-19 is a virus part of corona virus family that causes a range of familiar disease from the common cold to SARS, COVID-19 is referred as novel corona virus because it is new to human. According to virus it spread from one person to other person through contact. So research public health practices and guidelines, one of the tool to our society can use to understand the disease is Geographic information systems (GIS) provide the utilization, easy access and manipulation of geospatial information. The main advantage of GIS is mapping the many different locations of country and other facilities with human on a dashboard which helps in better monitoring and surveillance. Also, detailed studies are possible with respect to diseases forecasting, prediction of outbreaks, identification of disease cluster or hotspot and to evaluate different strategies to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Geospatial industries have come to rescue in a lot of crises and disasters by boosting relief and rehabilitation efforts. In the case of COVID-19 geospatial communities is proactive in tracking the spread of the virus. Constantly updating the number of people affected and providing real-time information company like ESRI, CSSE (JHU) which help to manage disaster mapping and helping agencies with data gathering it helps to transfer the data in dashboard, Apps, Information and data using the GIS technique GIS operations, mainly overlay analysis, buffer analysis, network analysis, statistical analysis, query, time series analysis, temporal cluster analysis, spatial-temporal analytic techniques to identify the catchment areas, vulnerable groups, health centers, movement of carriers etc. GIS provide ideal platform for the convergence of disease- specific information and their analyses in relation to population settlements, surrounding social and health services and the natural environment.